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Disease control and prevention
in a wildlife hospital

Written by L.Waclawek

It's said that the most dangerous places on the planet are the very buildings we all deem to be the safest: hospitals!

If we think about it for a moment, hospitals are where only the really sick and/or injured go when they need life-saving help. All those people, diseases, infections, open wounds, and airborne viruses floating around, such as MRSA, for example, and no matter how clean we all are, nature is always going to win. 

We go into these hospitals sick, and as a result, our immune systems are already compromised.   

What does this have to do with wildlife rescue and rehabilitation? I hear you ask.

My answer is … absolutely everything.

This is exactly the same situation with wildlife hospitals. And no matter how clean we keep these places, there is always going to be a risk factor we all must consider.  Disease outbreaks can be a problem, especially in crowded wildlife hospitals, and considering the rotations of areas used are constantly in high in demand (space, resources and available work spaces) we do have a series of issues within a practice which we have to overcome to avoid or better still prevent these outbreaks from happening. 

This year, we (the team) pledged to each other to keep notes and valuable data about how we operated and how we could keep our patients and staff safe and, ultimately, improve our clinical success rates here at OWR. 

The results are simply outstanding.  And below, we have outlined how we went about improving our work spaces and ultimately our clinical success rates., which includes a few species specific case studies too. 

Definitions:
 
Pathogens:
A microscopic organism (bacterial, fungal or protozoan) that causes a disease

Disease:
A disorder of function or structuring in a person or animal, producing a specific symptom or affecting a specific location, function or organ in the body.

Zoonosis:
A disease that can be transmitted between humans to animals (or vis versa) 

Zoonotic Disease: 
a disease that can be passed from animals to humans, caused by an infectious agent (Virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoan and parasites).

Disinfection: 
A procedure that eliminates pathogenic organisms (except bacterial spores).

Sterilisation: 
The complete elimination of of all microorganisms, a biochemistry destructive breakdown of all cellular life (including microscopic bacteria and fungi spores)

Barrier Nursing: 
Nursing care initiated for the sole prevention of spreading infectious diseases and or isolating induvial animals for the sole purpose of isolation periods for monitoring  potential risks of Zoonotic Diseases.

Biosecurity:
A series of preventative measures and protocols to protect a specific area from the entry of pests, disease and also the control / management of disease outbreaks.

Common British wildlife -related zoonotic diseases.

Viral Infections: 

​

  • Avian Influenza,

  • Rabies

  • West Nile Virus

  • Parvo Virus 

 


Bacterial Infections:

​

  • Chlamydiosis (Ornithosis/ Psittacosis, Chlamydia psittaci) 

  • Salmonellosis, (Salmonella spp.)

  • Lymes Disease (Tick bites) 

  • Mycoplasmas

  • TB (Tuberculosis) (mycobacterium bovis and avian)

  • Leptospirosis

  • Coliforms (coli infections) 

  • Campylobacteriosis 



Protozoal Infections:

 

  • Cryptosporidiosis

  • Giardia ( Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis)

  • Trichinosis (Trichinella spiralis)

  • Toxoplasmosis​​

​


Fungal Infections:

​

  • Ringworm (Dermatophytosis) Microsporum'


Parasitic infections:

 

  • Sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptic Scabie) 
     

Disclaimer** - This list does not account for all zoonotic diseases that are available within a wildlife hospital.

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